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第二节、特殊结构的长难句分析
目录：
1.分裂结构
分裂、嵌套和平行三大特殊结构的长难句都是考研真题中经常考查的， 因此建议重点掌握，但要注意不同的特殊结构的长难句有不同的解决之道。
1.1 插入式的分裂结构
Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,插入语 suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.
翻译：多伦多大学心理学教授蒂娜 · 马尔蒂的研究表明，内疚感可以弥补情感缺陷。
The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute,插入语 carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.
翻译：根据美国食品营销协会的数据，平均每家超市有44000种不同的商品，许多超市还有成千上万种商品。
Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world,插入语 is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here...
翻译：宇宙历史，人类在这个世界上所取得成就的历史，实际上是曾在这里工作过的伟人的历史..。
分析：插入语中的what引导的作为history的宾语从句，
The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine,非限定性定语从句 is available ahead of expectations.
翻译：这种不同于年度流感疫苗的新疫苗提前投入使用。
I found, as Hacker observed years before插入语, that most wives want their husbands to be… conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.
翻译：我发现，正如哈克多年前所观察到的，大多数妻子希望她们的丈夫成为... ... 谈话的伙伴，但很少有丈夫有这样的期望，他们的妻子。
Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and if its stability depends on its integrity,状语从句 they are entitled to continuance.
翻译：然而，这些生物是生物群落的成员，如果生物群落的稳定性取决于其完整性，那么它们就有权利继续生存下去。
分析：状语从句是对主句的补充，忽略可能影响句意，因此可以放在句首或句尾。and并列句并拢。
1.2 从句后移式的分裂结构
Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment.并列从句
翻译：当然，学生不能自己完成作业，或者没有昂贵的设备他们不能完成作业，也不应该给他们布置作业。
分析：此处的两个that引导的从句是修饰homework，是定语从句。
But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
翻译：但是，在美国核管理委员会(NRC)审查该公司的申请时，应该牢记企业的承诺是值得的。
【练习】分裂结构
The other issue is that many children – especially older ones – may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows...
翻译：另一个问题是，许多孩子——尤其是年龄较大的孩子——可能会把他们的房地产知识建立在HGTV节目上……
The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes.
翻译：相比之下，申办奥运会的人则希望让更多的人参与体育运动，培养出更多的精英运动员。
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project 非限定性) at an unnamed private university.
翻译：这篇论文的作者来自不同的大学，他们的发现是基于一项涉及147名学生(他们完成了该项目)的研究，这些学生来自一所不知名的私立大学。
Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.
翻译：有人担心，可能会鼓励证人在法庭上夸大他们的故事，以确保有罪判决。
分析：从句被后移，that引出了修饰 Concerns 的同位语从句
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University,同位语(插入语) maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,插入语 the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.
翻译：波士顿大学(Boston University)健康法律系主任乔治•安纳斯(George Annas)坚持认为，只要医生开处方是出于合法的医疗目的，那么即使病人用药加速死亡，医生也没有做任何违法的事情。
2. 嵌套结构
Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works.
翻译：盖茨之所以选择非小说类书籍，是因为它们能解释世界是如何运转的。
分析：此句型是一个嵌套结构，在how处的断句不在是在连词前，因为explain是及物动词，后接宾语，所以how引导的宾语从句不能单独断开。
The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.
翻译：结果就是，你觉得你花的时间比实际花的时间要少。
I don‘t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion…
翻译：我不认为我们的发现是个人妄想的证据。
分析：that引导的从句，don‘t think 和 are 作为谓语，i 是don‘t think的主语，所以findings是 are的主语，主谓主谓，后面是从句。not在句子中的含义，否定前移
【练习】嵌套结构
And new research suggest that happiness might influence how firms work, too.
翻译：新的研究表明，幸福感也可能影响公司的运作。
分析：influence及物动词
In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to predict how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture 宾语从句 were谓语 less likely to choose to see such an image.
翻译：在最后一个实验中，那些被鼓励预测自己在看到不愉快的图片后的感受的参与者，不太可能选择看这样的图片。
That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.
翻译：这一点很重要，因为理论表明，当目标物种的生物量达到原始水平的50%左右时，渔业可以获得的最大可持续产量。
3. 平行结构
3.1 名词（词组）的平行并列
The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.
翻译：英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在英国的前殖民地投资。
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique.
翻译：联网的计算机是一种令人惊叹的设备，它是作为生产方式、传播手段、接收地点以及赞扬和批评场所的第一个媒体机器。
3.2 动词的平行并列（谓语动词、非谓语动词）
If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and ever have a greater chance of fighting off infection.
翻译：如果我们成年人可以尽情地傻笑，我们就会减少体内的压力激素，增加像内啡肽这样的好激素，改善心脏的血液流动，从而更有机会抵抗感染。
The Olympic bidders… wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes.
申办奥运会的人想让更多的人参加体育运动，培养更多的精英运动员。
But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education.
翻译：但历届政府都在出售绿地，压榨地方政府的资金，并减少对体育在教育中的关注。
3.3 介词短语的平行并列
Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.
翻译：信息从媒体流向有影响力的人，再从他们流向其他人
So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
翻译：因此，学科不仅垄断了知识的生产，而且垄断了知识生产者的生产。
3.4 句子的平行并列
There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve…
翻译：有一种复兴或重新思考的内疚是什么，内疚可以发挥什么作用…
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.
翻译：许多美国人认为陪审团制度是关键民主价值观的具体体现，包括以下原则:所有符合最低年龄和文化水平的公民都有同等能力担任陪审员;陪审员应从社会各阶层的代表中随机选出;任何公民都不应因种族、宗教、性别或国籍而被剥夺担任陪审员的权利;被告有权接受同辈人的审判;判决应该代表社会良知，而不仅仅是法律条文。
3.4.1 多个平行并列
For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.
翻译：为了获得热爱艺术的公众的时间、注意力和金钱，古典乐器演奏家不仅要与歌剧院、舞蹈团、剧团和博物馆竞争，而且还要与20世纪伟大的古典音乐家录制的表演作品竞争。
3.4.2 无并列连词的平行并列
Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.
翻译：今天，我们需要的是共鸣，而不是灵感。
In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent.
翻译：1998年，移民占人口的9.8%;1900年为13.6%。
【练习】平行结构
Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor.
翻译：玉米、棉花、水稻、大豆和小麦的生产已基本实现机械化，但许多高价值的劳动密集型作物，如草莓，需要劳动力。
Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties.
翻译：跨越世代界线，美国人继续珍视许多成功人生的传统里程碑，包括结婚、生孩子、拥有住房，以及在60多岁退休。
If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.
翻译：如果孩子们被告知食物对他们的成长有影响，有些东西可能会造成伤害，至少可以提前获得相关信息。
He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of loans.
翻译：他必须要么卖掉部分房产，要么以贷款的形式寻求额外资金。
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
翻译：其结果是，现代世界越来越多的智能小发明，我们几乎没有注意到它们的存在，但它们的普遍存在减少了大量的人力劳动。
【攻略-1】：解决分裂结构的关键是还原成连贯
解决分裂结构的关键就是先要把分裂的部分找到，然后把句子还原成原本连贯的形式，再进行长难句分析。一般情况下，分裂结构的前后常常会出现成对的逗号、破折号或括号，可以在极大程度上帮助同学们找到分裂结构。
例：Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.
翻译：多伦多大学心理学教授Tina Malti 的研究表明，
内疚可能会弥补情绪上的缺陷。
例：The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is available ahead of expectations.
翻译：这种新疫苗不同于年度流感疫苗，它投入使用的时间比人们期待的还早。
如上两句中，下划线的部分是造成分裂结构的同位语或非限定性定语从句，可以先不看，先把余下的句子前后连贯起来看懂后，然后再看造成分裂的这部分。
【攻略-2】：解决嵌套结构的关键是分层次
嵌套结构，无非就是句子套句子，所以想看懂一定要分层次。首先，正常断开长难句；然后按照层次由外向内（或由内向外），逐层看懂句意。
例：Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.
先通过连接词和谓语动词断开句子，发现嵌套结构——how 从句中包含了两个who 定语从句。然后再从最外圈的主句开始，一层层向内，逐层看懂每个从句。
翻译：每个人都想知道很快将工作在（定居在）这些空的办公隔间中的人们与之前的人们之间会有何不同。
【攻略-3】：解决平行结构的关键是理清多个并列
平行结构，就是多个词、词组或句子并列在一起，共同作一个成分。平行结构最大的特点是，平行并列的各个成分间词性相同且形式一致，并且通常有并列连词（和逗号）连接。因此，根据其特点，我们可以通过三步搞定平行结构：
- 先找到并列连词；
- “往后看”，确定平行并列的成分是什么词性或什么 形式；
- ”往前找”，找到与之相同的词性或一致的形式，则 找到平行并列的各个成分。 例：During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape.
例题分析步骤：
- 先找到并列连词and（还有前面的逗号）；
- “往后看”，看到了opened，确定平行的成分应该是过去式（did）这种形式的；
- ”往前找”，找到了与opened 形式一致的played 和followed，所以此句中就是三个动词的过去式平行并列作谓语动词，中间由逗号和并列连词and 连接。按照三步法分析后，平行结构可以整理为下图：
翻译：在实验过程中，社交机器人老鼠跟着活的老鼠到处走，玩相同的玩具，并打开笼门让被困的老鼠逃脱。
- Twikoo
Last update: 2022-5-5